What Is Organizational Citizen Behavior And How Much...

Introduction: What is Organisational Citizen behavior and how much difference does it make to an organisation? Will it affect the over all mood and performance of the place. Does this behavior only affect employees or all staff including all levels of management? Could some of the theories seem utopian and unrealistic considering the multileveled aspects of human behaviors? What type of impact does externals, things like cultural norms and societal traditions have on the implementation of a successful OCB into cross cultural aplications? Definitions in use: â€Å"Early definitions of OCB purported to work actions which are discretionary and neither explicitly nor directly rewarded by formal organizational reward systems (Barnard, 1938; Katz, 1964; Organ, 1988; Smith et al., 1983)’ More recent ‘Organisational citizenship behavior (OCB) is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements but nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organisation.’ (Robbins, 2014. p. 21) Definition goes beyond the individual to groups. It’s proven groups who demonstrate positive OCB do better than ones who don’t. (Raver, Ehrhart and Chadwick 2012), I understand OCB as the employee doing things that require more thoughtfulness out side job descriptions. Thinking about their place of work in terms of positive and beneficial behavior for all concerned and consequently creating better moods and more productive environments for organisations. HistoricalShow MoreRelatedCitizenship of Organization, Nation and Planet-Rights and Responsibilities1351 Words   |  6 PagesCitizenship of Organization, Nation and Planet-Rights and Responsibilities It has been rightly said by someone-â€Å"The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.† Eternal vigilance for the citizen must take many forms. There are many varied definitions for Citizen, but in this context it can be said that Citizen is the person who represents the country-legally and Citizenship describes the status of belonging somewhere and it implies both rights and responsibilities (Graham, 1991). When a Citizen get the powerRead MoreEssay about Ethics in International Business1657 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. Since, there is this dilemma that has progressively troubled the large multinational corporations, international business ethics has arisen to help address these adhesive subject matters. There are several international business ethics discussions on the question of how to act in the home country as opposed to the hostRead MoreEssay on Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing1408 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough many may find community policing and problem-oriented policing to fall in the same category, there is (surprisingly) a difference between the two. For one, community policing has many definitions. For some, it means instituting foot and bicycle patrols and doing acts pertaining to the ideal bond between police officers and their community. While for others it means maintaining order and cleaning up neighborhoods in desperate need of repair (Dunham Alpert, 2005). However, an idyllicRead MoreMotivation Plan For An Organization Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesLolita Mancheno-Smoak Motivation Plan Organizations today are comprised of a diverse selection of people. Each person that works for an organization has different attitudes, values, emotions, and behaviors. In order for the business to remain strong and cohesive, it is important for managers/leaders to recognize those differences for the benefit overall. By doing so, they can motivate each employee and encourage them to be productive citizens within the workforce. Managers must be ableRead MoreMarketing Principles2043 Words   |  9 Pagesmanagerial process and individual obtained what they need and want though exchange. When somebody wants to develop a business, they should know what is the customer need and what is the customer want. Then the company will base on demand to produce goods, which make profit for the business. And make the marketing focus on the satisfaction and goods quality of customer needs, wants and requirements. That is good for exchange between customers and companies to make the relationship well. For whole marketingRead More Marketing Principles Essay1968 Words   |  8 Pagesmanagerial process and individual obtained what they need and want though exchange. When somebody wants to develop a business, they should know what is the customer need and what is the customer want. Then the company will base on demand to produce goods, which make profit for the business. And make the marketing focus on the satisfaction and goods quality of customer needs, wants and requirements. That is good for exchange between customers and companies to make the relationship well. For whole marketingRead MoreMicro Organizational Behavior2607 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿RUNNING HEAD: MICRO-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Micro-Organizational Behavior Robert Alford Grantham University MICRO-ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Abstract During the course of this class my focus will be on the use of micro-organizational behavior and to focus on and discuss the finer points of behavior within a large organization such as that of the military or that of Wal-Mart Corporation. Furthermore I will talk about the process of decision-making andRead MoreDemographic Characteristics and Cultural Diversity1392 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance organization operates in a way that brings out the best in people and produces sustainable high performance results while creating high quality of work life environments (John R. Schermerhorn). As a team, striving for higher performance and productivity must be accomplished in order to notice gains and remarkable outcomes. Set Goals is what every group and team work to accomplish. In order to achieve a high performance team or group, every team Leader must be aware on how the demographicRead Morea healthy community1069 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I feel is healthy, and describe what it woul d look like. For starters, there are some factors that I have learned that make a healthy community. These are the physical factors: geography, environment, community size, and industrial development. The social and cultural factors are: beliefs, traditions, prejudices, economy, politics, religion, social norms, and socioeconomic status. There are also the factors of community organizing and individual behavior. (McKenzie) With the knowledge of theseRead MoreWorkplace Attitudes and Job Behaviors Essay examples2317 Words   |  10 Pages the perception of organizational politics, conflict or ambiguity of workplace roles and several other work outcomes was explored by studying 11 research articles to investigate individual and organizational effects of workplace attitudes and behaviors. Employees need to work together toward common goals in order for an organization to function well but there are many roadblocks hindering the process. Results demonstrated a clear relationship between stressors and behaviors. â€Æ' Workplace

Essay on Personal Experience Spending Happy Times with...

At some point, no one has ever been happy with their family. It may be because of a bad decision, a terrible misunderstanding or an inevitable situation. It could be a lot of things. But in my family, it was something simple yet irritating: rules. It felt suffocating. And because of it, I was hardly allowed to do the things I wanted to; like hanging out with friends for one. I can seemingly recall how often I felt left out; from the clothes I wore to the things I didn’t have. And in fact, no one would believe me if I told them I don’t and will never have a Facebook account. Apparently, I am not age-ready and responsible enough to have one. And even if I will be in the later years, it wouldn’t be that much of a hit anymore. It†¦show more content†¦Apart from the matters regarding grades, she said that he saw the four of us (my mother, my siblings and me) playing hide-and-seek, late one afternoon. That day, the sun just went down and we were waiting for my dad to pick us up from school. It was the perfect time to play hide-and-seek. When our dad finally came, each of us lined up to kiss him on the cheek like we always did. But because I knew there were still people around, I kissed my dad quickly. As my mother continued telling me what happened during their talk, she said that my adviser suddenly burst into tears. H ow he wished he had a family like ours: perfect. Upon hearing the whole story, I went numb then guilty all of a sudden. How can that be? What exactly did he see in us that day which made him say that it was perfect? I felt ashamed. My teacher was hurting and I wasn’t feeling anything at all. Aside from the fact that he is a guy, I couldn’t imagine him crying over such a thing. I couldn’t even imagine myself crying over such a thing. But I know for sure that my family is anything but perfect. I couldn’t understand. Not yet. During class devotion time with our adviser one day, our point of conversation moved from the day’s scripture to matters about family; something I wasn’t that thrilled to be talking about then. When it was our adviser’s turn to speak, he retold of the time when he saw us playing hide-and-seekShow MoreRelatedMoney Can t Buy Happiness928 Words   |  4 PagesMake You Happy, Sunstein provides a summary and review of Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton’s Happy Money: The Science of Happier Spending; he declares that money, when spent wisely and with the right attitude, can provide the most elusive of all human experiences: happiness. In a changing social climate with advances in technology offering unmatched convenience, and a culture in which diverse people with equally diverse sets of values come together, the study of what truly makes us happy is especiallyRead MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?891 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer is contrary to people’s natu ral instinct, it makes me reflect on my past experience of spending on others, and helps me understand the true benefits of this spending habit. It is common that most people are more than willing to spend money on themselves, either to fulfill their requirements or to satisfy their vanity, and I was one of those people. Being the youngest child of the family, I was spoiled. My families, especially my grandfather, have always bought me whatever I desired without blinkRead MoreUnit 4 Happiness Assignment1205 Words   |  5 Pages We have spent a great deal of time together. Interview with Mrs. Sally Watson Question: What is your definition of happiness? Response: Being happy means my family is doing well and I have my health and strength.      Question: Has your definition of happiness changed over time? Response: I used to think happiness was a bunch of stuff but as I got older happiness was being with my kids, grandkids, and great grandkids.  Ã‚     Ã‚   Question: What experiences have influenced your definitionRead MoreMoney Is It the Source of Happiness?1272 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessities of life. But does money truly bring happiness? Some may argue that money can make you happy and others will argue that it doesn’t. Why do some believe that money is the source of happiness? I asked this question to a fellow colleague and she responded with a personal experience that she faces at home. She said that life at home is usually happy and that arguing is rare, except for the times when her parents argue about money. She told me that her mother and father are always stressedRead MoreEssay about Johns Model of Structural Reflection on Clinical Placement663 Words   |  3 PagesI have grown and overcome so many obstacles. I have accomplished a wide range of skills since the beginning and have been improving on them as I gained experience. During this placement and throughout my experiences and skills, I have realized that I enjoy working with geriatric patients. I feel as though they don’t have family around all the time so they enjoy having someone there to talk with them and help them. At the end of every day I feel that as a future Nurse this job will be very rewardingRead MoreHappiness - S ynthesis Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesit from a point of view of harmony between thoughts, expressions, and actions. Since one single accepted definition of happiness doesn’t seem to exist, and happiness is different for everyone, this begs the question; how can you increase your own personal level of happiness? Since WW II psychologist have been studying our brains as they pertain to our mental health. Approximately 30% of people in the USA suffer from some sort of mental disorder (Seligman, Parks, and Steen 418). After we figuredRead MoreMaterial Possessions Does Not Being Happiness1010 Words   |  4 PagesDo material possessions—money, property, jewelry, clothing—make people truly happy? Does it have a permanent positive impact? There is an accurate and well known saying that, Money cannot buy happiness. In this modernized world material possessions—including money, wealth, jewelry, and housing—is more a part of necessity for daily living rather than happiness. People can argue any method, whether material possessions result in true happiness or not. However, if one wants permanent happiness thenRead MoreThe Rise Of Wealth And Wealth1595 Words   |  7 Pagespeople, they think the world is on a string in their pocket. They can go anywhere, do anything, wi thout having to worry about what it will take. To lower income families, wealth is something to be dreamed about. Hardworking men and women may not make enough money, living paycheck to paycheck, doing what they have to do to keep their family happy. Wealth equals money. However, are there other ways to obtain riches in this life? Is wealth truly the only way to have a fulfilling life? The answer is no.Read MoreMarriage and Happiness1299 Words   |  6 PagesGilbert’s, â€Å"Does Fatherhood Make You Happy?† and Crittenden’s, â€Å"About Love,† the authors question the roots of personal happiness. By comparing and contrasting Daniel Gilbert and Danielle Crittenden, it can be concluded that oneself does not solely determine happiness. The presence of children and significant others serve as major factors in emotional feelings of love and pride contributing to feelings of happiness. Gilbert’s, â€Å"Does Fatherhood Make You Happy† discusses how kids have an effect onRead MoreWhy I Chose The Word Childhood1395 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I looked over the words for the Personal Definitions Essay, I was at a stand still. All of the words that were presented seemed great, but still a cliche. For instance, the easiest word on there has to be Love. How many people on the street right now could answer â€Å"What does love mean to you?† and it is a universal definition of one loving another in a caring and loving way. How many people would give examples of their significant others or their families to show assurance of this definition

Media Studies †make a music video Free Essays

For our coursework we decided to make a music video, based on our original idea of a â€Å"Jackass† style programme. Jackass is a programme of various dangerous and stupid stunts, which are all a bit different. We decided against this idea as it restricted our power to change it into an original concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Studies – make a music video or any similar topic only for you Order Now We decided to make a music video using a punk song, as these have a very broad band of what can be included. We started by making a song in the style of a well known band, Blink 182, but we changed it to incorporate our life at college. We are loosely basing it on a theme of our college life but at the different extremes. We are using what Levi Strauss called Binary Opposites, these are extreme opposites, for example a bad guy being ugly and a good guy being extremely attractive. We are using the Binary opposites of maturity and immaturity, which is a basic college idea, the mature students that do their work and the immature students that joke about and don’t take things seriously. We thought of things that would be included in a punk music video, we had the idea of the band rehearsing in a music room and being very professional about it and then came up with the opposite which is practicing in the refectory and playing random objects rather than proper instruments. Another idea we had is spending time leisurely we had the idea of a group of people sitting around playing cards with the comparison of them all running around like mad brandishing water-guns and having a play fight. The next one is also a leisurely activity, playing foosball at the table in the refectory comparing it to doing reckless skating and crashing into each other. We then thought back to the programme Jackass and one of their famous sketches is the presenters being pushed around in a shopping trolley. We thought of using this but needed a binary opposite to go in it so we thought of having someone pushing the trolley quite normally with shopping in it. Also just walking around college, the band walking down a corridor and turning around a corner with them running down the corridor in the underpants and running into the girls toilet. These give off a lot of ideas of the maturity and immaturity of college. We thought of using the phrase that we had heard a lot from the show South Park, whenever there is drugs or alcohol involved, one of the characters, Chef always says â€Å"There is a time and a place for everything, and it’s called college!† and thought that we could relate this to the video. Another idea we had was using the Kuleshov Effect, where we would take shots of random things such as people talking chilling out and people running around like mad and pulling faces. The themes we are using are Jackass, The Teenage years and a parody effect of Blink 182 videos. We are also going to have parts of temporal disorder in the video, using the video effects on my camcorder, this will give the impression the person watching is on drugs because the song is related to this, although we will show no shots of drugs or anybody taking drugs as this would be to suggestive, we are only giving hints of teenage life but not actually showing all angles. There is no actual storyline to have a linear narrative to the video, its more random as this is what college is like despite being a regulated day, anything can happen! The idea of using teenage life although is very common is so broad that we can change it to our own tastes and use our own characters in it. The whole video is supposed to be a joke filled, fun and non-serious which is the whole idea of punk rock, a lot of songs are just parodies. We are also going to have lots of shots of the band so people can see them and know who is playing. Bands do this so they can see who is performing and identify with them and decide who is their favourite. Sometimes they can pretend to play roles which can lead on to a narrative in the video, taking for example, Sum 41 in their â€Å"In Too Deep† video they have the lay about band, with the jocks fighting against each other in a diving contest, we want the band to win which is made in a binary opposite the baddies are made to be Speedo wearing narcissists and the band wearing any old shorts and not particularly full of themselves. This is the kind of effect we want to achieve with binary opposites. How to cite Media Studies – make a music video, Papers

Developing a Professional Resource Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Developing a Professional Resource. Answer: Introduction to the resource: Digital culture is becoming dominant on different factors of life. These factors includes health, education, tourism etc. in this research we will discuss digital culture in education sector. Many industries in all over the world are actively adopting digital culture in their organization. This culture helps in identifying the transparency of work that is being done. Digital culture in education has provided ease to the work. The work that has been submitted through digital culture usually has fewer issues. Digital culture in this era is nonetheless than a blanket concept where the combination of technology and internet has influenced the lives of people. All are dependent on the digital culture for effective and efficient performance. Candea(2010) highlighted the significance of digital culture in ones life since years, and the increasing trend in various industries. So, the industries are continuously adopting and accepting the influence of digital arena(Savege, Ruppert, Law, 2010). The work of Freudenberg, Cameron, Brimble(2011) supported that this era has urged the students to adopt digital culture as means of their education to facilitate them with unlimited information within a click and maintain the quality too with effective time usage. Students acquiring professional knowledge have dire need to acquire authentic information free from th e plagiarism. Though literacy can be defined as the ability to write and learn but on broader terms it is the societal and communiqu practice pooled among groups of individuals.(Elmborg,2012). The term copyright literacy emerged with the increasing usage of technology to gain information, conduct and abilities and eliminate propagation of content in the digital era. Leaffer(2010) highlighted that Copyright laws have attempted to match the fast pace of technological advancement to reduce the breach of content. Digital culture has invaded the lives of learners through many gateways like various learning management systems, copyright literacy, mobiles usage, social media applications like Facebook, watssapp, twitter and Google reader. Gravelence(2010) attempted to discourse its impact on education. Digital culture has extremely affected the lives of the students who are not efficient and productive enough without the usage of this prevailing culture in the society. It is the demand of society that the students should be vigilant enough to adopt the changing patterns of education in this era(Purcell, Buchanan, Friedrich,2013). It made the learners realize that Collon (2013) points out the changing forces as worldwide economy, rational science coming, study of the scientific exploration, and new education trends such as implementation of technology and common impact on others. Need for trial resource: Learners with proper understanding and crystal clear ideas with deep and profound knowledge of the subjects provide quality work that is free from plagiarism. The students do not need to copy the contents of the original books or works of the writers. Their detailed study assist them to present a writeup free from any material linking to someone else. Their research works are complete package of current research on the given topic with the help of previous related materials and the loop ends find while the course of study for research works. Their findings must be originals and not copied stuff of previous researchers. The research work free from plagiarism embarks its originality and also reminds one of the researchers ethics to abide by rules and regulations observed legally while the research work conducted. It is obvious that the copyrights reserves the rights of writers and originals and refrains the researchers to copy the protected material from the relevant research articles, journals or books. Jacob (2016) identified that the lack of knowledge is a big issue and can lead to infringement, further, it creates ambigious ideas in the researchers minds that the copyright materials will provide them with the copied materials. Thus, inculcating fear of breach in them and preventing them to underutilize the easily available materials. Therefore the parents and teachers need to devise strategies to enforce proper usage of the faculty of digital culture to promote adequate acquiring of knowledge and usage of available material within the prescribed limits. Resource Trial: Research Design conducted by researchers globally is bifurcated into two types; quantitative research design and qualitative design research. While, few of the researchers use both quantitative and qualitative research design. Qualitative research design uses qualitative input that is collected through the secondary source that is the past literature, interviews and observations. Primary research and exploratory research implies qualitative research, it further aids in the clear understanding of the scenario with realistic reasons and explanations. While the quantitate research focuses on the numeric data collected through the questionnaires, providing statistical output with the hypothesis tests quantitative research design (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger, 2005). The following research is based on the quantitative research design conducted to collect the basic input from the respondents and it will be statistically analyzed. The researcher was assisted in the quantitative research to test the hypothesis with the collection of statistical input through questionnaires.. This research is conducted through the collection of primary data which will further generate the essentials required to conduct new research. The primary data is collected when the respondents customers of Kuala Lumpur were targeted to answer the questionnaire provided. The questionnaires were paper pencil questionnaires where random selection of the people on was preferred while few were questionnaires were web based and filled on internet. The data collected is used to trace back to the whole lot of consumers who are using the digital technology with and without copyright laws.10 respondents from educational institute were selected as samples to gather data and conduct further research. The respondents were various individuals of different age groups , targeted on gate and in school premises. The resource of digital technology was implemented in the educational institutions with the prototype to target group of bigger audience. The resource was welcomed by many individuals but was shown reluctance when copyright laws were implemented on it. Researched was targeted on 10 individuals who were working in various capacities in educational institute The non-random sampling technique provided the researcher to achieve the fair and just and exact answers of the respondents in the allotted time period. So it was adapted and 10 random individuals were targeted to give valuable feedbacks after using the digital culture with and without copyright policies. The resource: A researcher is able to specify the criteria of data collection through a proper sample size by appropriate utilization of the resources (Kumar and Phrommathed, 2005). Following research is conducted by targeting 10 customers to highlight the importance of copy right laws and insure proper implementation in the offices and institutes. The sample size assisted considerably the researcher to conduct the research in limited time and with by targeting the random respondents comprising of gender, males and females customers. The data for this research is collected with the help of well-structured research instrument called questionnaire. The items (questions) in the questionnaires are composed with the help of secondary data presented in the literature reviews which helped to create a question to collect the response. The researcher used same questionnaires for the individuals who are using the digital culture with and without copyright laws. Ethical considerations are the main component of a fair and just survey conducted for collection of data while designing and conducting trial. Ethical issues being the major component of acceptable trial are worthy enough to be considered by the researchers to target the right correspondents who will assist in the findings of result. The research did not exert illegal pressure on the correspondents to derive results favoring the researchers research findings. They neither did not compel the individuals to fill the questionnaire to derive favorable results nor misguided them to fill favorable responses. In fact the customers at gate or inside school based had free consent to fill the questionnaire according to their will and wishes. While researchers have adapted defined ethical boundaries for research to provide data and results free from manipulation so researchers have derived fair results free from contamination to blur the true findings. Moreover, great emphasis was laid on the s ecurity, determinants of confidentiality, autonomy, anonymity of the respondents and confidential matters of customers so for this, their private information is not displayed or mentioned in the reports. Feedback from the parents, teachers and students who were fellow beings was source of improvement. It was listened as the providers were wrong and implanted as they were right. This made them realize the efforts put in for copyright implementation. The principals are provided an easy way to access their sub ordinate teachers monitoring and devise their strategies accordingly well before time to reduce chances of future losses , disloyalties and preachments. Technology in this era has enabled the principals to have a check and balance of their teachers efforts that whether they are performing up to mark our not. Their coming and leaving time can also be checked these days with various machines installed at institutes. Digital culture has effortlessly entered the premises of institutions and made them its dependents. Institutions need digital culture also for its written works to be written and prepared solely be the teachers and parents along with students instead of copied from copy right materials. Monitoring: The survey shows Park(2009) that this era has urged the students to adopt digital culture as means of their education to facilitate them with unlimited material within a click and maintain the quality too with effective time usage. Students acquiring professional knowledge have dire need to acquire authentic information free from the plagiarism. They need to have access to the right knowledge of the desired fields(Lai,2011). Their works should be model of originality and excellence of the water in providing research free from plagiarism. Though the click has made the researchers life easy that browsing the write articles may provide them with quality material but they will face many cons of the digital culture too. With the advancement of technology and innovations, many problems may arise too. Worldwide learners are enforced to adopt the technology for the time saving and quality work purpose but it has also provided an opportunity for those learners who find it hard to research, bo ost up their skills and then work to produce original work(Miller,2011). Instead, they find it much easier just to open some research papers, copy from them and paste. This technique limits their abilities and make them under confidence as they are reluctant to utilize their capabilities fully effectively and efficiently. They do not rely on their knowledge instead find easier to rely on others. This gives birth too many dependent citizens of the society instead of independent citizens who can be more productive and fruitful for themselves and society as a whole. Same point is discussed in the work of Pireddu (2011), who presented the idea that the generation X or futuristic generation is more inclined to shortcuts in their lives, and few among them are ready to invest their time or work on individual basis. The demand of needs to be catered ignited the innovation and modes of technology such as mobiles, internets, laptops, tablets and computers. The young generation need to realize that they need to use the technology for their betterment with the limitation of privacy of content, so their research work may be valid and up to the mark. It should meet the standards of plagiarism check so that it cannot be rejected which will be complete wastage of time and money. Though, Charania and Davis (2016) described the young generation as work oriented and eager to learn new ways of acquiring quality education. Developing an ethical value towards a copyright literacy hence makes the upcoming generation the major players of thinking and influencers even to other perspectives of digital philosophy that have a direct or indirect impact on education. Education sector needs to intervene and devise such policies that students must adopt ethically while doing the research work and to abstain from negative works. The players of education sector are entitled to gain skills that will be preserved in their minds for their lifetime, not matter of few research works and majors of t heir study. Their skills should be attained with the motive to enhance their capabilities in all the aspects of life. It should not be confined to limited subjects. During the course of study learners are engage in continuous process of learning through presentations and research works. Once, abide by copyright laws , it will be beneficial for the students primarily as they will work independently with quality work taking help from the provided materials , not completely relying on them. Education sector should make sure that students are made very well aware of the importance of copyright policies on education system. Spector (2016) suggested that the technology and the digital culture have remained very practical as endowing education convalescence characteristics that need a thorough consideration and assessment by the worldwide education savers and policy makers. SoIt is for these causes, it is essential that the attention of learners to be monitored on collective methods and activities involved in the media mingled with technology. In other sense, right to use and usage of issued information by other creators and writers through the technological products should be assumed serious offence by the educators in the process of learning and using the material as described by the right rules and regulation of copyright works as described by Jacobs(2016).Parents supported the copyrights under the above and below mentioned reasonings. The adoption of technology should only be done on primary motive of blending old education system with the colors of technology to reap maximum benefits from educational works. The technology should be used rightly as described by law of copyrights. It should not be to violate the rights of owners or writers. Instead due help should be taken from their works, with the real respect they deserve for their efforts. The survey of copyright was done for educational purpose but it has broader prospective and cater a larger group of individuals to provide with better findings. Moreover, the age group targeted was also limited and needed to focus bigger age group. Summary: To conclude, it is mandatory for the educators to blend the system of education with the right colors of technology to create learners not copiers. As suggested by Xiao-Liang Shen,Christy M. K. Cheung,Matthew K. O. Lee(2013) the system should evolve in them the instincts of research from the complete package of information . wiki not just copying from the source to complete their work on time, compromising the quality and achieving a big failure in terms of rejection of research work. They should know to obey the policies of copyright laws of Wiki and abide by them realizing its importance. Nonetheless, obviously respecting the creator or writer too for its useful work. It is very essential for the educators to adopt various patterns in the course of learning but it should be for the purpose of facilitating their research. They should know to maintain the originality of the articles from the wiki intact. Their works should be based on merely their efforts . the professional studies c annot be completed without the researches but they should abide by the copyright laws as argued by Shavell(2010). Though the enforcement of these laws, would look difficult for the learners as it will kill their time by writing new with changing fonts but in the long run as anticipated by teachers and parents, it will be beneficial for their own cause, as they will acquire lifetime skills of various fields . knowledge acquire through copying will be of no great help for the educators because it will be temporary. The educators should realize the importance of wiki as source of information only and so they should invest time and efforts accordingly to reap the desired results as per the standards of their profession. They should not waste their time in short cuts and for the time being it will really save their time, but in the long run they will realize that their efforts are wasted and time too. They should use the wiki as an encyclopedia of great knowledge to help in research but its usage should be confined to its rights. References: Buckingham, D. (2013). Beyond technology: Children's learning in the age of digital culture. John Wiley Sons. Candea, M. (ed.) (2010) The Social after Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments, London. Carty, V. (2010). New information communication technologies and grassroots mobilization. Information, Communication Society, 13(2), 155-173. Charania, A. a., Davis, N. n. (2016). A Smart Partnership: Integrating Educational Technology for Underserved Children in India.Journal Of Educational Technology Society,19(3), 99-109. Charbonneau, D.H (2014). A short History of Copyright; The genie of information. 34 (1), 1-38. Collon, M. (2013) The Laws of the Market, Oxford: Blackwells. Elmborg, J. (2012). Critical information literacy: Definitions and challenges. Transforming information literacy programs: Intersecting frontiers of self, library culture, and campus community, 64, 75-80. Gravelene, J, D (2010). Launching a successful copyright education program Coll. Udergraduatr Libr. 18 (1), 92-96 Jacobs, H. h. (2016). Collaborative Teaching and Digital Visualization in an Art History Classroom.Visual Resources Association Bulletin,43(2), 1-11. Kumar, S., Phrommathed, P. (2005). Research methodology (pp. 43-50). Springer US Lai, K. W. (2011). Digital technology and the culture of teaching and learning in higher education. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(8). Leaffer, M. A. (2010). Understanding copyright law. LexisNexis. Livingstone, S. (2012). Critical reflections on the benefits of ICT in education. Oxford review of education, 38(1), 9-24. Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D., Festinger, D. (2005). Essentials of research design and methodology. John Wiley Sons Inc. Miller, V. (2011). Understanding digital culture. Sage Publications. Park, S. Y. (2009). An analysis of the technology acceptance model in understanding university students' behavioral intention to use e-learning. Educational technology society, 12(3), 150-162. Pireddu, M (2011). Education as a dying and outdated system: McLuhan Galaxy Conference Routledge. Purcell, K., Buchanan, J., Friedrich, L. (2013). The impact of digital tools on student writing and how writing is taught in schools. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Savage, M. (2010) Identities and Social Change in Britain since 1940: the politics of method, Oxford: Oxford University Press Savege, M., Ruppert, E., Law, J (2010).Digital Devices: nine theses, Journal of Socio-Cultural Change, 49 (86), 1-38. Shavell, S. (2010). Should copyright of academic works be abolished?. Journal of Legal Analysis, 2(1), 301-358. Shen, X. L., Cheung, C. M., Lee, M. K. (2013). What leads students to adopt information from Wikipedia? An empirical investigation into the role of trust and information usefulness. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(3), 502-517. Spector, J. m. (2016). Ethics in educational technology: towards a framework for ethical decision making in and for the discipline.Educational Technology Research Development,64(5), 1003-1011.Understanding Media, Today. Education Conference Proceedigs. Barcelona Urry, J (2010) Mobile Methods, London: Routledge.

Yamamoto Essay Example For Students

Yamamoto Essay Yamamoto, the man who planned Pearl Harbor increased my knowledge about thepeople of Japan because it introduced me to their culture, and the life andtimes in Japan before World War II. In Japan, the family is the basic unit ofsociety. For example, if a Japanese has the unfortunate occurrence of producingonly daughters, they will insist that one of their daughters husbands changeshis last name to keep their daughters last name alive. It was, also, notunusual for people to change their last names. Isoroku Tankano was born in 1884. In 1916, he changed his last name to Yamamoto, because the name Yamamoto was anhonorable and ancient one in the history of Japan. One such figure was TatekawaYamamoto, who fought against the Emperor, and his forces at the Battle ofWatkamatsu, during the Bosshin War. Since he was one of the leaders of therebellion, when he was captured, he was beheaded at Watkamatsu. Since Tatekawahad no sons, Isoroku was also the future of the Yamamoto clan. Not uncommon inJapan was the fact that men got married for the purpose of producing sons tokeep the family name alive. This is exactly what Isoroku did. In 1918, he gotmarried to Reiko, who, ironically, was from Watkamatsu. They had 4 childrentogether, 2 sons, and 2 daughters. It was the standard Japanese family, themother in charge of the household and of raising the children. He never reallyloved her, because he had many extramarital affairs, and 2 of the women heloved. The life and times in Japan right before World War 2 aresimply explained: T he Imperialist Japanese Army, otherwise known as theyoung Turks was steadily gaining power in the government, wasassassinating anyone who did not share in their views for a united Asia(Yamamoto received many death threats, because he wanted to avoid war with theU.S.A. or with Great Britain at all costs), and was using propaganda to convincethe Japanese to believe in a united Asia. The Emperor could not stop what wasgoing on in his country because Emperors stayed out of the daily life of hispeople. When I say that the government is to unstable, I mean that it is toosusceptible to being taken over by an army. For example, in the 1930s, theImperialist Japanese Army was using their influence over the Minister of War totake over Manchuria, and eventually the Japanese government, and they were usingassassination as the chief method of wiping out any political opposition. Also,if I moved in Japan, the culture shock would be enormous, starting with thesimple language barrier, and the differ ence in religion. Isoroku Yamamoto wascorrect in his thinking that war between the U.S.A., Great Britain, and Japanshould be avoided at all costs, and in the event of war between the U.S.A.,Great Britain, and Japan, Japan would lead in the beginning, like the first 6 to12 months, but would eventually lose the war. One quality I admire aboutYamamoto is that he was able to do a task that he was totally against. Forexample, even though he was against going to war against the U.S.A. and GreatBritain, when the Imperialist Japanese Navy appointed him Commander of theCombined Fleet, he immediately went to work on a battle plan (Which we all knowresulted on the attack on Pearl Harbor). Another quality of Yamamotos that Iadmire is that he led his life to the fullest. He was an avid gambler, both atthe table, and at a time of war. One such gamble he took was on April 18, 1943when he flew in a battle and was shot down. The truth is that the Americansdecoded Japans naval code, found out the det ails of Yamamotos flight, and F.D.R. We will write a custom essay on Yamamoto specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .postImageUrl , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:hover , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:visited , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:active { border:0!important; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:active , .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0 .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc0d6138e680a01507580f02038d3ff0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greenspan - The Case For The Defence In-Depth Revi Essay Order now himself ordered American pilots to ambush Yamamoto and the Japanese. Japan didnot know that the U.S.A. decoded their signal. Yamamoto also had certain ideals,or standards of excellence. For example, he believed that the students at theKasumigaura Aviation Corps were not being trained harsh enough, so he made thetraining there a lot tougher, he made all the students there shave their longhair, but he finished the security rounds for the students, showing he had aheart. Isoroku Yamamoto did not have to overcome many hardships on his climb tothe top of the success ladder except for being poor. Another particular negativeincident, which occured in 1928, when he was overseeing a training exercise inthe Sea of Japan, was when all of a sudden, overcast clouds appeared and thepilots could not see the ship at all, and then, over the radio, one of thepilots kept on describing how he had 30 minutes of fuel left in his tank, 25minutes of fuel left, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes, and then,there was no more contact with any of the planes, they all crashed into thewater, and Yamamoto did not sleep, eat, or drink until all the bodies wererecovered. Isoroku Takano was born in 1884, in a medium sized city calledNagaoka. In 1901, Isoroku won an appointment to the Imperial Naval Academy, onthe little Island of Eta Jima, off the coast of Hiroshima. He won an appointmentthere because on a competitive entrance examination, he scored second out of thetop students in the entire nation. His appointment signaled changing times inJapan, because, even though that all the enemies had not completely passed on,it signaled that the new government was making strides to unify the new Japan. At the Academy, Isorokus speciality was gunnery, which meant that he wouldbecome a deck specialist In 1904, upon his graduation at the Japanese NavalAcademy, Isoroku joined the Imperial Japanese Navy aboard the cruiser Nisshin asa deck officer, and as a gunnery specialist. The Nisshin was one of the cruisersused in the Russo Japanese war. In August,1905, Isoroku was sent to thegunnery school at Yokosuka Naval Base. In September of that year, he waspromoted to sublieutenant. In October, 1905, He received a letter ofcommendation for the brave action taken in the Battle of Tsushima Strait, whichmeant that his career was on the rise. He remained at Yokosuka until 1907, whenhe was transferred to the ship Kagero, and his naval career resumed slowly, asit should during a time of peace. In 1908, the sublieutenant served aboard theMaezuru, in Manchurian waters. In 1911, Isoroku was promoted to Lieutenant,moving slowly up the chain of experience and promotion in a peacetime navy. Isorokus father died on February 21, 1912, and around this time, his motherfell gravely ill. He received military leave, to tend to his dying mother. Hewanted to quit the navy, but his mother would not let him. In August, 1912,Isorokus mother died. In 1913, Isorokus career moved into high gear. Hereceived an appointment to the Naval Staff College at Tsukiji. In 1915, Isorokuwas promoted to lieutenant commander. Graduation from this college was requiredif you wanted to hold a staff position in the Japanese navy and in 1916, hegraduated from the Naval Staff College. Also in 1916, there were some personalchanges in Isorokus life. First and Foremost, as mentioned previously, Isorokudropped his last name Takano and changed it to Yamamoto. Also, Yamamoto realizedthe time was correct to get married, and on August 31, 1918, Yamamoto and Reikowere married at the Navy Club in Shiba, Tokyo. On April 4, 1919, Yamamoto traveledto America aboard the Suwa Maru. Of course, he traveled in first class . He wentto Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he was enrolled in a special course forforeigners at Harvard University titled English E. He also studied Petroleumresources, since it is of great importance to Japan. In December, 1919, Yamamotowas promoted to commander of the Imperial Japanese Navy. While in America, hewas interested mostly in aviation. He read in newspapers, and on the radio thatGeneral Billy Mitchell of the U.S.A. Army trying to convince Congress thatairplanes could sink a battleship, but nobody believed him. He left America in1922. In 1922, Yamamoto was appointed to teach at the navy staff school. InAugust, he left the school, and took a job as an executive officer aboard thecruiser Kitakami. Also in 1922, Yamamoto and his wife had a son, Yoshimasa, andone of his obligations as a member of the Yamamoto clan was fulfilled. In 1923,he was promoted to captain of the Imperial Japanese Army, and in June, he wasappointed to the cruiser Fuji. He held this position for a year before heconvinced his bosses to let him teach at the Kasumigaura Aviation Corps. Late in1924, he all of a sudden became executive officer, and director of studies. He institutedharsh new dress codes, and somewhat changed the curriculum. At first, thestudents complained, but they eventually settled down. In 1925, Yamamoto had adaughter, Sumiko. He was also appointed as a Japanese naval attack. He left forAmerica on January 21 aboard the ship Tennyo Maru. His job was to observe allactivities of the U.S.A. Navy, particularly to the adherence to the Naval Treatyof 1922. In the spring of 1928, it was time for Yamamoto to go home. In the sameyear, Yamamoto was appointed to command the cruiser Akagi. In the end of 1929,he was appointed to the Naval Affairs Bureau of the Navy Ministry. Also in 1929,Yamamoto had a second daughter, Masako. He was also appointed to the delegationthat would be sent to the London Naval Conference in 1930. One part of theJapanese group sent to the London Naval Conference in 1930, the fleet faction,wanted equal treatment compared with the U.S.A., and Great Britain. Another partof the Japanese delegation, the treaty faction would be quite happy with 70% ofthe Navy that the U.S.A., or Great Britain had. The old portion was 66%, andafter the conference, it remained at that figure. While at the conference,Yamamoto was promoted to Admiral. His new job would be to develop new naval,air, and aircraft weapons. On October 3,1933, he was appointed to command theFirst Air Division of the Navy. In 1936 Yamamoto was named head of theaeronautics department of the navy. This job lasted only a short time, becausehe reluctantly accepted an appointment as vice minister of the navy, in the sameyear. Soon after his appointment, it was rumored that he was a primary targetfor an assassination. He held this position until August 30, 1939, when he wasappointed Commander of the Combined Fleet. Soon after his appointment, he beganplanning his attack on Pearl Harbor . On December 7, 1941, the Japanese Navy, ledby Isoroku Yamamoto, attacked Pearl Harbor, and Japan took an early lead in thewar. The turning point of the war was the Battle of the Midway, when the U.S.A. .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .postImageUrl , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:hover , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:visited , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:active { border:0!important; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:active , .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b1fb107b987c318b07c49fb1d52a01d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: lee night Essaycracked Japans code. On April18, 1943, Yamamotos plane was ambushed by American forces, and Yamamotos planewas shot down, killing him instantly. The decision to ambush Yamamotos planewas made by F.D.R. Yamamoto was a very loyal man, a patriot, if you will. He did hisjob even when he disagreed with it, he flew a plane even though it was notnecessary, and he cared about everyone he knew. From the American point of view,he was an evil man who killed many, put to the Japanese, he was a patriot, and ahero.

characters we call gunfighters essays

characters we call gunfighters essays The period following the Civil War was a time of great uneasiness. It was an era that gave rise to the Western outlaws. They were bandits, gunfighters, and men guilty of hundreds of crimes, but they were also important in shaping American folklore. Two important factors contributed to the making of these legends. The transition that these men under went from solider to ranch hand or cowboy, and the making of their legends through the media molded the way we perceive gunfighters today. I feel that the media had a major role in creating the characters, legends and hero's that we learn about in history. The Civil War gave many young men a taste of conflict and killing. Many that fought the War were a very tender age and very impressionable. According to an article written by Mark Sufrin called "The Western Gunman", he said that the "Civil War soldiers were to much in love with killing after years of violence to settle down"(23). After the Civil War many of the men were hired by ranchers as ranch hands which paid little for their hard work. Many of the young cowboys found themselves craving the life they had lived for four years of violence and killing. It was these impulses that caused them to run rampant across the west, robbing banks and holding up trains. As the west was growing so was the need for law and order. Town sheriff's and U.S. Marshal's took on that role. This would pave the way for the so called "gunman and gunfighters". According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "One example of this was a young man named Jesse James who fought in the Civil War when he was fif teen. He and his older brother Frank were in the pro-southern guerrillas led by William C. Quantrill. After the war, Jesse formed a highly successful gang. They held up banks, stagecoaches, and trains until 1876 when the gang was shot to pieces by the folks of Northfield, Minnesota when they tried to rob two ban ...

Philosophy and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy and Media - Essay Example Neo begins to seriously reflect upon the nature of his identity and existence in the middle of the movie as he is already taken to the Nebuchadnezzar. This rather personal and philosophical search begins with Agent Smith saying that Neo is seeking answers to his own questions although Neo himself does not even realize he is doing this. The point is that Neo’s search for himself and questions about his existence begins with a doubt, much like the 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes who wrote, â€Å"†¦it will be sufficient to justify the rejection of the whole if I shall find in each some ground for doubt† for this systematic process of doubting is â€Å"the only way to achieve clear and well-reasoned conclusions† (Author, Year). This means that if Neo had not doubted his existence, he would have simply stayed in the Matrix and, although such ignorance would have felt like bliss, he would forfeit all the possibility of knowing who he really is and what rea lity is actually like. As Morpheus tells Neo what he and reality are really like as well as what the Matrix is, this is the only time that Neo begins to realize his true identity and only then is he able to start being conscious of his own existence. Besides, â€Å"it would be impossible to be self-conscious if we didn’t have a personal identity of which to be conscious† (Author, Year). After Morpheus explains to Neo what he calls â€Å"the desert,† which is a rather simplistic term for what the real environment looks like in contrast with the virtual environment in the Matrix, Neo is shocked but is enlightened at the same time (Berman & Wachowski, 1999). Nevertheless, as he learns the truth that he is a person of and from this â€Å"desert,† it is only then that he comes to develop true self-consciousness. Moreover, Neo bases his own existence on his mind, or, more specifically, on the activities of his mind, or on his mental faculties. He knows that he exists only through his thoughts and his beliefs. The actions of his thoughts are evident in the scenes where he discovers his hidden abilities merely by thinking through his Kung Fu training with Morpheus and the one where he has to jump from one building rooftop to another. Through these scenes, Neo is able to prove once again a rationalistic approach to reflecting on his own identity. According to Descartes, â€Å"†¦it would even happen, if I should wholly cease to think, that I should at the same time altogether cease to be† (Author, Year). Therefore, realizing that he is a thinking being and that it is through this thinking faculty that he defines his own existence, Neo then proceeds from this and develops his self-consciousness and the various aspects of himself – physically, emotionally and intellectually – from his thinking mind. Furthermore, he also chooses the Real World as the place where he develops aspects of himself and not from the Matrix, wh ere such aspects are fake. In short, upon knowing that his true identity is that of the Real World, Neo has now attained a degree of self-consciousness where he would make choices only based on the context of the Real World and not anymore of the Matrix. The Matrix then, which is represented by Agent Smith

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example g to the increasing significance of technology in the daily lives of mankind, many people share their personal information on the internet which can at times prove dangerous due to web hackers who can misuse the data due to immoral practices. Anonymity helps to maintain the secrecy of individual’s identity. This also helps to protect specific actions performed by the individuals. For instance, anonymity helps protecting funds and monetary transfers made by individual over internet. It has often been observed that people feel uncomfortable to share banking or personal information on the internet as it might hamper their personal interests. Anonymity is often regarded as the option which can be useful in such situations as it creates a sense of security and helps to protect privacy by a large extent. There are many negative effects of anonymity on individuals as well. To be illustrated anonymity also helps people who have malicious intentions to hamper the interests of other users and escape without being identified. It also creates misrepresentation about the user’s profile on internet. In the recent phenomenon, the most apparent negative effect of anonymity can be identified as cyber crime. Hence, as it can be observed from the above discussion, to a certain extent, the negative impacts of anonymity tend to be stronger and more effectual than its benefits, which in turn outweigh its advantages. Question: 2 Are non-literate internet users at a higher risk for experiencing identity theft? Explain specifically how end-user tracking and recording technologies may either increase or reduce cyber security risks for non-literate users when using the internet, or when shopping at a brick and mortar establishment The non-literate internet users have a high risk because of the increasing cyber crime, as they tend to share personal information without having proper knowledge of the website. At times, the information of those non-literate users is hacked by the cyber

An assessment of business value of information technology in Literature review

An assessment of business value of information technology in organisations - Literature review Example There are more reasons to justify why it is essential to invest on Information technology, although other fail view Information Technology as a business venture that can pay off after some time (Carlos and Macada, 2012). This discussion will look at the relevant theories and models on IT business values, different views on Information Technology business value and effectiveness and efficiency of information systems to support decision making. In order to understand the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems on decision making a lot of factors must be put into consideration. Using of technical efficiency as a performance criterion when application of individual analytical occurs. Information technology contributions in different countries differ in magnitude from a production point of view due to increase and decrease of the countries technical efficiency. Spending on Information technology will not improve countries technical efficiency. Whether a country is developing o r not, is not a subject to look at in order for it to improve its technical efficiency in the field of information technology. Relevant use of theories and models and good decision makes it possible for a country to have an efficient and effective Information technology. ... Defining the substance of technology, how it changes its relation towards human practices or social structure, and how it emerges are addressed by Descriptive theories. The descriptive theories view that how much force it has in determining human practices or social structure, and how much it addresses the extent in which technology is autonomous substantively. Social construction of technology in connection to descriptive approach states that, technology does not necessarily determine human action; on the contrary it is the human actions that shape technology. Actor-network theory is also necessary theory in business IT. This theory addresses a heterogeneous network of non-humans and humans as similar interrelating actors. Technology acceptance model (TAM) is a well known model that relates to Information technology use and acceptance. This model was originally proposed by Davis in 1986. This theoretical model has continuously proven to be of great help because it predicts and expla ins user behavior of information technology. This model is also considered to be an influential extension of theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Heijden, 2000). Its mandate was to explain why a user rejects or accepts information technology by adapting theory of reasoned action. By the use of technology acceptance model one can menage to get the basis to trace how external forces influence attitude, belief, and intentions to use. There are two cognitive beliefs that are associated with technology acceptance model. These are perceived ease to use and perceived usefulness. According to technology acceptance model, one use of a technology system is manipulated either directly or indirectly by the user’s attitude, behavioral

Capital structure and approaches to capital structure

Capital structure and approaches to capital structure It is defined as the mix or proposition of a firms permanent long-term financing represented by debt, preference stock, and common stock equity. Capital structure theory suggests that firms determine what is often referred to as a target debt ratio, which is based on various tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of debt versus equity. The term capital structure refers to the percentage of capital (money) at work in a business by type. Broadly speaking, there are two forms of capital: equity capital and debt capital. Each has its own benefits and drawbacks and a substantial part of wise corporate stewardship and management is attempting to find the perfect capital structure in terms of risk / reward payoff for shareholders. This is true for Fortune 500 companies and for small business owners trying to determine how much of their startup money should come from a bank loan without endangering the business Lets look at each in detail: Equity Capital This refers to money put up and owned by the shareholders (owners). Typically, equity capital consists of two types: 1) contributed capital, which is the money that was originally invested in the business in exchange for shares of stock or ownership and 2)  retained earnings, which represents profits from past years that have been kept by the company and used to strengthen the  balance sheet  or fund growth, acquisitions, or expansion. Many consider equity capital to be the most expensive type of capital a company can utilize because its cost is the return the firm must earn to attract investment. A speculative mining company that is looking for silver in a remote region of Africa may require a much higher  return on equity  to get investors to purchase the stock than a firm such as Procter Gamble, which sells everything from toothpaste and shampoo to detergent and beauty products. Debt Capital The debt capital in a companys capital structure refers to borrowed money that is at work in the business. The safest type is generally considered long-term bonds  because the company has years, if not decades, to come up with the principal, while paying interest only in the meantime. Other types of debt capital can include short-term commercial paper utilized by giants such as Wal-Mart and General Electric that amount to billions of dollars in 24-hour loans from the capital markets to meet day-to-day working capital requirements such as payroll  and utility bills. The cost of debt capital in the capital structure depends on the health of the companys balance sheet a triple AAA rated firm is going to be able to borrow at extremely low rates versus a speculative company with tons of debt, which may have to pay 15% or more in exchange for debt capital. Other Forms of Capital There are actually other forms of capital, such as  vendor financing  where a company can sell goods before they have to pay the bill to the vendor, that can drastically increase return on equity but dont cost the company anything. This was one of the secrets to  Sam Waltons success at Wal-Mart. He was often able to sell Tide detergent before having to pay the bill to Procter Gamble, in effect, using PGs money to grow his retailer. In the case of an insurance company, the policyholder float represents money that doesnt belong to the firm but that it gets to use and earn an investment on until it has to pay it out for accidents or medical bills, in the case of an auto insurer. The cost of other forms of capital in the capital structure varies greatly on a case-by-case basis and often comes down to the talent and discipline of managers. SEEKING THE OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE Many middle class individuals believe that the goal in life is to be debt-free. When you reach the upper echelons of finance, however, that idea is almost anathema. Many of the most successful companies in the world base their capital structure on one simple consideration: the cost of capital. If you can borrow money at 7% for 30 years in a world of 3% inflation and reinvest it in core operations at 15%, you would be wise to consider at least 40% to 50% in debt capital in your overall capital structure. Of course, how much debt you take on comes down to how secure the revenues your business generates are if you sell an indispensable product that people simply must have, the debt will be much lower risk than if you operate a theme park in a tourist town at the height of a boom market. Again, this is where managerial talent, experience, and wisdom comes into play. The great managers have a knack for consistently lowering their  weighted average cost of capital  by increasing productivity, seeking out higher return products, and more. To truly understand the idea of capital structure, you need to take a few moments to read Return on Equity: The DuPont Model  to understand how the capital structure represents one of the three components in determining the  rate of return  a company will earn on the money its owners have invested in it. Whether you own a doughnut shop or are considering investing in publicly traded stocks, its knowledge you simply must have. Question on our minds: Can the total valuation of a company (debt+equity) and the cost of capital be affected by changing the financing mix. The imperfections in the market play a vital role in the valuation of a company. This data is of utmost importance to the suppliers of capital. Changes in the financing mix are assumed to occur by issuing debt and repurchasing common stock or by issuing common stock and retiring debt. Example 1. Assume a company whose earnings are not expected to grow and which pays out all of its earnings to its shareholders in the form of dividends. All kinds of market imperfections are not considered in the current example, for simplicity in calculations. We are concerned mainly with 3 different rates of return. The first is The yield on companys debt, ki = = The second rate of return that we are concerned with is ke = = With our assumptions that the firms earnings are not expected to grow and which has a 100 percent dividend payout, the firms earning per price represents the market rate of discount that equates the present value of the perpetual stream of expected constant future dividends with the current market price of the common stock. The third rate to be calculated is ko = = These 3 different rates of return affect the amount of financial leverage, which is the debt to equity ratio. ko is defined as the overall capitalization rate of the firm. It is designed as the weighted average cost of capital, and can also be expressed as ko = ki [] + ke [] Calculating A Companys Capital Structure Review your companys most recent financial statements to find all of the capital components. Highlight all of the debt of the company and the equity (including common and preferred shares, capital contributions and retained earnings). Add up the total debt and equity It will be equal to your companys assets on the balance sheet because the debt and equity is what paid for those assets. Your capital structure is the percentage that each funding source represents of your companys total funding. Lets look at an example. Lets say you have the following capital components: bank loan $176,500, retained earnings $54,300, common stock $12,500. That makes your total capital $243,300. To calculate your capital structure, take the dollar amount of each capital source and divide it by the total capital. In the above example, the bank loan is 72.5%, retained earnings 22.3%, capital stock 5.2% for a total of 100%. Monitor your companys capital structure over time. Debt tends to be the most expensive source of capital and, over time, you will determine the most effective blend of debt versus equity financing for your particular situation. Calculating your actual capital structure will allow you to track how closely you are following your ideal capital structure. Factors Affecting Capital Structure The factors that affect the decisions taken regarding capital structure can be divided into three major types: Internal Factors External Factors General Factors INTERNAL FACTORS Cost of Capital The cost of capital is the cost of the companys funds. It consists of debts and equity. When a company raises funds for its operations there are certain costs involved. When decisions regarding the capital structure are taken, managers ensure that the earnings on the capital are more than this cost of capital. In general, the cost of borrowing capital is less than the cost of equity capital. This is because the interest rate on loans and borrowings is less than the dividend rates and also the dividends are a function of the companys profits and not expenditure. Risk Factor When decisions regarding capital structure are to be taken, the risk factors considerations are an important issue. If company raises its funds through debts, the risks involved are of two types: The company has to repay the lenders in a fixed time period and at a fixed rate, whether or not the company makes profit or goes into loss. The borrowed capital is secured capital. Hence, if the company fails to make the payments, the lenders can take possession of the companys assets. If the company goes for funds through equity capital there are minimum risks. As the dividends are an appropriation of the companys profits, if it does not make any profit, it is not obliged to make the payments. In contrast to debt capital, here the company is not expected to repay its equity capital. And also the equity capital is not secured. Control Factor When additional funds are to be raised, the control factors are very essential in deciding the capital structure of the company. When a company decides to issue further equity shares the control of the company may be at stake. Hence, it may not be acceptable to its shareholders and owners. This factor is not vital in case of debt financing, except when financing institutions stipulate the appointment of nominee directors in the Board of Directors of the company. Objects of Capital Structure Planning They are- Maximize profit of the owners Issue transferable securities Issue further securities in a way that does not dilute the holdings of the present owners EXTERNAL FACTORS General Economic Conditions: If the economy is in the state of depression, equity funding is considered as it involves less risk. While, if the economy is booming and the interest rates are forecasted to fall, debt funding is given preference. Interest Rate Levels: If the interest rates are high in the capital market, equity funding is preferred until the interest rate levels fall down. Policy of Lending Institutions: If the terms and policies of the financing institutions are rigid and harsh, debt financing should be ignored and equity financing should be tapped. Taxation Policy: The government has taxation policies which include corporate taxes as well as individual taxes. The government includes individual taxes on both borrowings as well as dividends. Also income tax deductions are offered on interests paid on borrowings. All these factors have to be considered while planning capital structure. Statutory Risks: While planning Capital Structure, the statutory risks given by the Government and other statutes are to be considered. GENERAL FACTORS Constitution of the company: If the company is private limited, the control factors are essential while if the company is public limited, the cost factors are essential. Characteristics of the company: Companies which are small and in the early stage have weak credit standings and bargaining capacity, hence they have to rely on equity financing. While big companies have strong credit standings and they can source their funds from borrowings with acceptable interest rates. Stability of earnings: The companies which have stable earnings and the risks involved are less, go for debt funding as they can handle the high risk factors. While companies whose earnings are forecasted to be fluctuating, usually go for less risky equity funding. Attitude of the Management: For a company with conservative management, the control factor is more important, while a company with a liberal management considers the cost factors to be more important. Approaches to Capital Structure Net Operating Income Approach Traditional Approach Net Income Approach Modigliani Miller Approach Net Operating Income Approach David Durand proposed the net income approach to capital structure. This approach looks at the consequence of alterations in capital structure in terms of net operating income. Under this approach, on the basis of net operating income, the overall value of the firm is measured. Therefore this approach is identified as net operating income approach. The NOI approach entails that: Largely the value of the firm does not depend on the degree of leverage in capital structure and hence whatever may be the change in capital structure the overall value of the firm is not affected. In the same way, the overall cost of capital is not affected by any change in the degree of leverage in capital structure. The overall cost of capital is independent of leverage. Under the net income approach, the overall cost of capital is unaffected and remains constant irrespective of the change in the ratio of debts to equity capital when the cost of debt is less than that of equity capital whereas it is assumed the overall cost of capital must decrease with the increase in debts. How is this assumption justified? With the increase in the amount of debts the degree of risk of business increases. As a result the rate of equity over investment in equity shares thus on one hand the WACC decreases with the increase in the amount of debts; on the other hand cost of equity capital increases to the same tune. Therefore the benefit of leverage is mopped away and the overall cost of capital remains at the same level. In other words there are two parts of the cost of capital. Interest charges on debentures. The increase in the rate of equity capitalization resulting from the increase in risk of business due to higher level of debts. OPTIMUM CAPITAL STRUCTURE This approach suggests that whatever the degree of indebtedness of the company, market value remains constant. Despite the change in the ratio of debt to capital in the market value of its equity shares remains constant. This means that there is no optimal capital structure. Each capital structure is optimal in approach of net operating income The market value of the firm is determined as follows:   The value of equity can be determined by the following equation and   The Net Operating Income Approach is based on the following assumptions: Example: ABC Ltd., is expecting an earnings before interest tax of Rs.1,80,00,000 and belongs to risk class of 10%. You are required to find out the value of firm % cost of equity capital if it employs 8% debt to the extent of 20%, 35% or 50% of the total financial requirement of Rs. 90000000. Solution Statement showing value of firm and cost of equity capital   20% Debt 35% Debt 50% Debt Earnings before interest tax EBIT ($) 18000000 18000000 18000000 Overall cost of capital 10% 10% 10% Value of firm (V) = EBIT Cost of Capital{EBIT/Cost of Capital} 180000000 180000000 180000000 Value of 8% debt (D) 18000000 (20% ÃÆ'- 90000000) 31500000 (35% ÃÆ'- 90000000) 45000000 (50% ÃÆ'- 90000000) Value of equity (V D) 162000000 148500000 135000000 Net profit (EBIT Interest) 16560000 (18000000 1440000) 15480000 (18000000 2520000) 14400000 (18000000 3600000) (Cost of equity (Kc) 10.22% 10.42% 10.66% (Net profit/value of equity) ÃÆ'- 100 (16560000/ 162000000) ( 15480000/ 148500000) ( 14400000/ 135000000) It is apparent from the above computation that the overall cost of capital value of firm; re-constant at different levels of debt i.e., at 20%, 35% and 50%. The benefit of debt content is offset by increase in the cost of equity. The overall cost of capital (k0) remains constant and can be verified as follows: Overall Cost of Capital k0 = kd   (D/D+S) + Ke   (S/D+S) 20% Debt K0 =   $4,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'-8% + $36,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.22% = 0.008 + 0.092 = 0.10 or 10% 35% Debt K0 = $7,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'-8% + $33,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.42% = 0.014 + 0.0859 = 0.0999 Or 10% 50% Debt K0 = $10,00,000/$40,00,000   ÃÆ'- 8% + $30,00,000/$40,00,000 X   10.66% = 0.02 + 0.07995 = 0.0995 or 10% Traditional Approach Traditional approach is a  middle-way approach between net operating income approach the net income approach. According to this approach: (1) A best  capital structure  does exist. (2) Market value of the firm can be increased and average cost of capital can be reduced through a prudent manipulation of leverage. (3) The cost of debt capital increases if debts are increases beyond a definite limit. This is because the greater the risk  of business  the higher the  rate of interest  the creditors would ask for. The rate of equity capitalization will also increase with it. Thus there remains no benefit of leverage when debts are increased beyond a certain limit. The cost of capital also goes up. Traditional Approach Thus at a definite level of mixture of debts to equity capital, average cost of capital also increases. The  capital structure  is optimum at this level of the mix of debts to equity capital. The effect of change in  capital structure  on the overall cost of capital can be divided into three stages as follows; First stage In the first stage the overall cost of capital falls and the value of the firm increases with the increase in leverage. This leverage has beneficial effect as debts as debts are less expensive. The cost of equity remains constant or increases negligibly. The proportion of risk is less in such a firm. Second stage A stage is reached when increase in leverage has no effect on the value or the cost of capital, of the firm. Neither the cost of capital falls nor the value of the firm rises. This is because the increase in the cost of equity due to the assed financial risk offsets the advantage of low cost debt. This is the stage wherein the value of the firm is maximum and cost of capital minimum. Third stage Beyond a definite limit of leverage the cost of capital increases with leverage and the value of the firm decreases with leverage. This is because with the increase in debts investors begin to realize the degree of financial risk and hence they desire to earn a higher rate of return on equity shares. The resultant increase in equity capitalization rate will more than offset the advantage of low-cost debt. It follows that the cost of capital is a function of the degree of leverage. Hence, an optimum  capital structure  can be achieved by establishing an appropriate degree of leverage in  capital structure. Net Income Approach This approach states that, the cost of debt and the cost of equity do not change with a change in the leverage ratio(when D/E changes), due to which it is observed that there is a weakening in the cost of capital as the leverage increases. The cost of capitalcan be calculated by the use Net income approach; weighted average of cost of capitalcan be explained by the following equation; http://lh6.ggpht.com/cemismailsezer/R4_ZkNJ-ThI/AAAAAAAAADY/RZYaGVynnUw/image%5B5%5D where: Ko: average cost of capital Kd: cost of debt Ke: cost of equity B: market value of debt S: market value of equity As we know that cost of debt is less than cost of equity (Kd http://lh6.ggpht.com/cemismailsezer/R4_ZlNJ-TjI/AAAAAAAAADo/de5aDk2tbUo/image%5B8%5D The Net Income Approach assembles the investment structure of the firm which has a major influence on the value of the firm. Therefore, the use of control will change both the worth of the organisation cost of capital. Net Income is exploited in approaching the market value that firm possesses. In this analysis Ka decreases when the D/E ratio increases as the proportion of debt, cheaper source of finance, increase in the capital structure vice versa. Assumptions of net income approach the perception of risk is not altered by the use of liability for the investors; as a result, the equity capitalisation rate i.e. ke, and the debt capitalisation rate kd, remain constant with changes in leverage The debt capitalization rate is less than the equity capitalization rate The corporate income taxes are not considered. Numerical example: Assume that a firm has an expected annual net operating income of Rs.2, 00, 000, an equity rate, ke, of 10% and Rs. 10, 00,000 of 6% debt. The value of the firm according to NET INCOME approach: Net Operating Income NOI 2, 00,000 Total cost of debt Interest= KdD, (10, 00,000 x .06) 60,000 Net Income Available to shareholders, NOI I 1, 40,000 Therefore: Market Value of Equity (Rs. 140,000/.10) 14, 00,000 Market value of debt D (Rs. 60,000/.06) 10, 00,000 Total 24, 00,000 Note: The cost of equity and debt are respectively 10% and 6% and are assumed to be constant under the Net Income Approach Ko = Kd (D/V) + Ke (S/V) = 0.06 (10, 00,000/24, 00,000) + 0.10 (14, 00,000/24, 00,000) = 0.025 + 0.0583 = 0.0833 or 8.33% Modigliani Miller (MM) Approach Assumptions of the MM Approach Capital market is perfect. It is so when: Information is freely available Problem of asymmetric information does not exist Transaction cost is nil There is no bankruptcy cost Securities are fully divisible 100% payout ratio Investors and managers are rational Managers act in interest of shareholders Combination of risk and return is rationally chosen Expectations are homogenous Equivalent risk class No taxes Investors can borrow in personal A/C at same terms of firm. Proposition I Value of the form is equal to the expected operating income divided by discount rate appropriate to its risk class. It is independent of capital structure i.e. where, V = Market Value of the Firm D = Market Value of the debt E = Market value of the equity O = Expected Operating Income r = Discount rate applicable to risk class to which firm belongs Proposition I is almost similar to the Net Operating Income Approach. MM used arbitrage argument to prove this approach. MM argues that identical assets must sell for same price, irrespective of how they are financed. Arbitrage Process If the price of a product is unequal in two markets, traders buy it in the market where price is low and sell it in the market where price is high. This phenomenon is known as price differential or arbitrage. As a result of this process of arbitrage, price tends to decline in the high-priced market and price tends to rise in the low-priced market unit the differential is totally removed. Modigliani and Miller explain their approach in terms of the same process of arbitrage. They hold that two firms, identical in all respects except leverage cannot have different market value. If two identical firms have different market values, arbitrage will take place until there is no difference in the market values of the two firms. Example: Let us suppose that there are two firms, P and Q belonging to the same group of homogenous risk. Firm P is unlevered as its capital structure consists of equity capital only Firm Q is levered as its capital structure includes 10% debentures of Rs.10,00,000 According to traditional approach, the market value of firm Q would be higher than that of firm P. But according to M-M approach, this situation cannot persist for long. The market value of the equity share of firm Q is high but investment in it is more risky while the market value of the equity share of firm P is low but investment in it is safe. Hence investors will sell out equity shares of firm Q and purchase equity shares of firm P. Consequently the market value of the equity shares of firm Q while fall, while the market value of the equity shares of firm P will rise. Through this process of arbitrage therefore, the market values of the firms P and Q will be equalized. This is true for all firms belonging to the same group. In equilibrium situation, the average cost of capital will be same for all firms in the group. The opposite will happen if the market value of the firm P is higher than that of the firm Q. In this case investors will sell equity shares of P and buy those of Q. Consequently market values of these two firms will be equalised. Proposition II MM Proposition II states that the value of the firm depends on three things: Required  rate  of return on the firms assets (ra) Cost of debt of the firm (rd) Debt/Equity ratio of the firm (D/E) An increase in financial leverage increases expected Earnings per Share (EPS) but not share prices. Proposition II states that an expected rate of return of shareholders increases with financial leverage. Expected ROE is equal to expected rate of return on assets plus premium. The formula for re is: re = ra + (ra-rd)x(D/E) Implications of Proposition II- rd is independent of D/E and hence re increases with D/E. The debt crosses an optimal level, the risk of default increases and expected return on debt rd increases. Limitations of MM Approach- Leverage irrelevance theory of MM is valid if perfect market assumption is correct but actually it is not so. Firms are able to pay taxes and investors also pay taxes. Bankruptcy cost can be very high. Managers have their own preference of a type of finance. Managers are better informed than shareholders i.e. asymmetry of information exists. Personal leverage is not possible to be substitute of corporate leverage. 100% payout ratio is not possible normally. Analysis of Companies TVS Motors: TVS Motors hold one of the top ten two wheeler manufacturer and number three positions in Indian market, with turnover of $1 billion in 2008-2009 and is the flagship division of TVS group which is of worth $4 billion. TVS Motors manufactures wide range of two wheelers ranging from two wheelers for domestic use to two wheelers for racing. Manufacturing units are located at Housar and Mysore Himachal Pradesh Indonesia Has production capacity of 2.5 million units per year with strength in design and development TVS has recently launched 7 new products. Till now TVS has sold more than 15 million two wheelers and has employed 40000. TVS motor is the only Indian company to win Deming award for quality control in 2002. TVS Network spans over 48 countries. Particulars 2007-08 (in crores) 2008-09(in crores) OPERATING INCOME 45.31 121.08 INTEREST ON DEBT( I) 11.47 64.61 EQUITY EARNING 33.84 56.47 COST OF EQUITY (Ke) 4.13% 4.21% MARKET VALUE OF EQUITY 819.37 1341.33 COST OF DEBT (Kd) 1.72% 7.13% MARKET VALUE OF DEBT 666.34 905.98 VALUE OF FIRM 1485.71 2247.31 COST OF CAPITAL (Ko) 3.05% 5.39% WACC Calculation: For 2007-08 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.84) x 0.413 + 0.84/(1.84) x 0.172 = 0.2284 +0.078 = 3.051% For 2008-2009 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(2.11) x 4.21 + 1.11/(2.11) x 7.13 =1.995 +3.750 = 5.75% Hero Honda: Hero Honda Motors Limited is largest and most successful two wheeler manufacturers in India and it is India based. Hero Honda was a joint venture between Hero group and Honda of Japan till 2010 when Honda sold its entire stake to Hero. In 2008-09 Hero Honda sold 3.7 million bikes with 12% growth rate and captured 57% of Indian markets share. Hero Honda Splendor is worlds largest selling motorcycle sold more than 1 million units in 2001-03.C:UsersAAdityaDesktopindex.jpg In December 2010, the Board of Directors of the Hero Honda Group have decided to terminate the joint venture between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner. The Hero Group of India would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not sell into international markets and the termination would mean that Hero Group can exploit global opportunities now. Since last 25 years the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for R D for new bike models. So there are concerns that the Hero Group might not be able to sustain the performance of the Joint Venture alone. WACC calculation: For 2007-08 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.07)x34.73%+0.07/(1.07) x 8.33% = 33% For 2008-09 WACC= weke + wdkd We = E/(D+E) Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.04)x32.41%+1.04/(1.04)x10.20% = 31.55% Particulars 2007-08 (in crores) 2008-09 (in crores) OPERATING INCOME 1201.96 1367.77 INTEREST ON DEBT( I) 13.76 13.47 EQUITY EARNING 1188.22 1354.3 COST OF EQUITY (Ke) 34.73% 32.41% MARKET VALUE OF EQUITY 3421.25 4178.65 COST OF DEBT (Kd) 8.33% 10.20% MARKET VALUE OF DEBT 165.18 132.05 VALUE OF F

Anti-Theme Writing :: Teaching Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Anti-Theme Writing All writers of the world join together and work to banish theme writing from existence. Anyone who can read and write must join together in opposition to the teaching and proliferation of the theme writing disease. Theme writing blocks insight and creativity among the world's population who in striving for an education must be continually oppressed, and denied a very important ability, the ability to think. For hundreds of years the world has been divided into three major classes, the boredwajzee, the studentletariat, and the illiterate. The boredwajzee consists of scholars, teachers, and professors who teach theme writing and continually oppress the other classes by blocking creativity and insight. They instill a fear of failure using the tools of a corrupt grading system that works to promote the writing of the theme. Theme writing takes the personal interest out of education and greatly affects the student striving to fine-tune the ability to think. The education and promotion of writing in theme creates educated students, but students not educated to think for themselves. At a very early age when theme writing is instilled in the minds of our young people it serves the very purposes of the boredwajzee. Taking away a studentà ­s ability to think by promoting theme writing keeps the boredwajzee in power by creating an apathetic student. A student who neither cares to write, nor think s when writing. This promotes stability in our current educational system. A system where the evil tools of grades are used by the boredwajzee to ensure the creation of an educated yet apathetic student who writes only to please the boredwajzee. All the while, unbeknownst to the student, thought and creativity are oppressed and the boredwajzeeà ­s power is preserved. The class of the studentletariat is then molded into the ideal student to ensure the survival of the boredwajzee. The student does not care about what is written as long as it conforms to the basic methods taught by the boredwajzee. The studentletariat at a very early age loses the ability to think and be creative in their education. Ultimately what is created is apathy, a student that does not care to go beyond what is taught. A student who no longer learns for the sake of learning but only does just enough to please the boredwajzee. The studentletariat hold no personal interest in what is learned and therefore the perfect student is molded by the boredwajzee.

“My Bondage and My Freedom”

My Bondage and My Freedom is Frederick Douglass’ second autobiography, written in 1855.   It is important to remember that this work was written before Abraham Lincoln was elected President and before the Civil War. Slavery was becoming a volatile issue in the South and was threatening to split our young nation in two.   Additionally, it is important to remember that while slavery had some supporters in other sections of the nation, it was mainly a Southern issue. This is where the slaves were bought and sold and this is where the plantations depended so heavily on slave labor to be able to produce a product that was then sold and reaped great profits.   White American’s attitude differed depending on where they lived and how close they were to the issue; for the purpose of this paper the focus will be on attitudes in the South. In 1790 all white persons were granted citizenship in the United States.   This indicates how most white people felt about African Americans.   They were seen as, at best, a lower class and, at worst, no better than the animals that helped around the farm; the cows and the horses.   However, in some small towns slaves became part of the family and the family worked alongside their slaves to ensure survival.   This, unfortunately, was not Douglass’ experience.   Douglass writes, â€Å"After the valuation, then came the division.   This was an hour of high excitement and distressing anxiety.   Our destiny was now to be fixed for life, and we had no more voice in the decision of the question, than the oxen and cows that stood chewing at the haymow.† (138) Choices afforded to slaves were few and far between.   They were told where they would work, live, and be.   If they were lucky, they worked in a home where it was warm and relatively comfortable.   If they were unlucky or rebellious they were sent to slave breakers who were considered professionals at breaking the will of slaves who constantly ran or disobeyed their owners.   Douglass writes of his experience with one such man whom he calls Mr. Covey.   â€Å"I was a victim of his violence and brutality.   Such a narration would fill a My Bondage and My Freedom   volume much larger than the present one.   I aim only to give the reader a truthful impression of my slave life, without unnecessarily affecting him with harrowing details.† (170)   As any reader could see, slaves really had no choices.   Little more, yet enough more to make it appealing, were afforded free African Americans in America.   Douglass writes of the isolation of being a free slave, â€Å"For a time, every door seemed closed against me.   A sense of my loneliness and helplessness crept over me, and covered me with something bordering on despair.   In the midst of thousands of my fellowmen, and yet a perfect stranger!† (253) In his life Douglass chose not to give into the helplessness or despair that he writes of.   He chose to speak out and found himself at home with the abolitionist cause.   Douglass was an eloquent orator who constantly strove to bring his people into a different light.   One of his main objectives was to, â€Å"Chang(e) the estimation in which the colored people of the United States were held.† (xxiii)   He would do this through educating himself, through the speeches he gave, through the books he published and through newspapers like the North Star.   It seems he chose to educate rather than violate. The ramification of Douglass’ life and his choices were felt far and wide.   From the early beginnings of the abolitionist movement to the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment, to the eventual de-segregation of schools in the 1950’s, early pioneers of the anti-slavery movement set the wheels in motion for later events. Douglass closes his book by saying, â€Å"I shall labor in the future, as I have labored in the past, to promote the moral, social, religious, and intellectual elevation of the free colored people; never forgetting my own humble origin, nor refusing, while Heaven lends me ability, to use my voice, my pen, or my vote, to advocate the great and primary work of the universal and unconditional emancipation of my entire race.† (300)   His work and his words still continue today.